Oh, ok, got it.
No there is no UI5 control offering a generic <canvas> which adapts to different sizes.
Well, what kind of responsiveness would you like to achieve? You can start from the example I gave to create your own. One tricky thing with canvas is that it has two different sizes: the painting area size in pixes and the visible element size in the page. So while you could set the css size to 100% width, the horizontal number of pixels in the painting area will be a fixed one and resizing the window will stretch/compress these pixels.
So I guess for a really good solution you'd keep track of all drawn stuff in a separate layer and scale/redraw once the size of the canvas changes significantly. Also keep the aspect ratio stable to avoid distortions.
Regards
Andreas